4 Behaviour for Learning
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sense of safety and well-being which enhances their capacity to learn (Swinson and Harrop, 2012). Porter
(2014) claims that 89 per cent of disruptive behaviours can be prevented when teachers consistently
provide clear behaviour expectations. Articulating desired behaviours in an accessible and positive way
removes uncertainty for children who feel anxious or vulnerable about what is expected of them (and
what might get them into trouble). It also enables teachers to feel more confident that their behaviour
expectations will be met (Holmes, 2009). Government guidance is unequivocal that school behaviour
policies need to include a set of rules and Charlie Taylor’s guidance (DfE, 2011) exhorts teachers to
Display school rules clearly in classes and around the building. However, government advice on how to
develop these rules is minimal and mostly set within the context of rewards and sanctions (DfE, 2016a),
rules, rewards and sanctions being referred to by Ellis and Tod as the behavioural trinity (2009, p151).
More recent advice offered to trainee teachers from the ‘Behaviour Guru’ Tom Bennett does not refer to
classroom rules as such, but in his 3 Rs of the Behaviour Curriculum (DfE, 2016b) he recommends that
teachers communicate shared values and behaviours openly, and regularly model and reinforce expecta-
tions and boundaries.
Rights respecting schools and classroom charters
Most authors who provide advice on how to create an effective classroom code agree on similar
principles – namely, that the expectations should be inclusive, explicit, few in number and phrased
positively (Dix, 2007; Holmes, 2009; Chaplain, 2014; Robinson etal., 2016). They also suggest that
when children have some involvement in the design of their classroom code, they feel a sense of
ownership and are more likely to be motivated not only to cooperate fully themselves, but also to
encourage their peers to as well. Rogers (2012) goes further and promotes the use of a framework of
rights, responsibilities and rules based on an agreed set of values shared by the whole school com-
munity. He believes that behaving well is the joint responsibility of all class members and that the
most fundamental rights of a classroom member are those of respect and fair treatment ... they relate to due
responsibility and fair and agreed rules (2012, p15).
The theme of rights and responsibilities as a basis for respectful behaviour in schools has been estab-
lished in England by UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) through
an award known as the Rights Respecting Schools (RRS) Award (UNICEF(a)) which promotes the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The award was the result of an initiative introduced
in Hampshire in 2002 to encourage human rights education and develop dispositions and behav-
iours that support social justice within the school community (Covell etal., 2010). Results from this
initiative showed that in participating schools, children demonstrated higher levels of engagement
in learning, more respectful behaviour and greater participation in school life than children in non-
participating schools (Covell and Howe, 2008).
One of the key features of schools that follow the RRS agenda is that, consistent with children’s
rights to participation in matters that affect them (Article 12 of the Convention), school rules and
behaviour codes are decided democratically, giving children opportunities to have a voice in deci-
sions that affect them, and although the remit for the RRS award goes considerably beyond setting
up classroom codes of behaviour, it does provide guidance and support on how to create and use
a classroom charter (UNICEF(b)). In ‘rights-respecting’ schools, at the beginning of each year, chil-
dren and teachers work together in each class to create an agreement of everyone’s rights and their
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